Bibliographical Survey for al-Bīrūnī’s Taḥdīd Nihāyāt al-Amākin li-Taṣḥīḥ Masāfāt al-Masākin

Introduction

The purpose of this paper is to gain preliminary knowledge on al-Ustaḏ (the Master)[1], Abu’l Rayḥān Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-Bīrūnī, and necessary information about his book on geodesy, Kitāb Taḥdīd Nihāyāt al-Amākin li-Taṣḥīḥ Masāfāt al-Masākin (Book on Determining Boundaries of Places for Determining the Distances between Settlements with More Accuracy). Following this aim, the study divided into three sections. Firstly, a list of sources on the life and general works of al-Bīrūnī subsequent to a short biography of him. Secondly, a survey of his book Kitāb Taḥdīd Nihāyāt al-Amākin li-Taṣḥīh Masāfāt al-Masākin and its translations. Lastly, a bibliography of researches related to this book and their review.

   

In preparation of this paper mainly the book Mathematicians, Astronomers & Other Scholars of Islamic Civilisation[2] is used. The reason for selecting this book is that it being published in the year 2003 and it being one of the most comprehensive in the field of history of mathematics and astronomy about which this paper is written. In addition to mentioned book, and in order to verify the information and make necessary updates, Prof. Dr. Fuat Sezgin and Dr. Ursula Sezgin History of Sciences Library’s collection of books as well as online archives are used.

Using bibliographical / bio-bibliographical books could be confusing and time consuming due to abbreviations they include and different references they provide. The other aim in this paper is to provide an unpacked, easy to understand bibliographical information. Therefore, all the abbreviations and shortened references are elucidated in the following method:

• Manuscripts: Library Name – Collection Name – Catalogue Name, Number.
• Books: Author Name, “Book Section Name”, Publication Name, Publication Information, Page Number.
• Articles: Author Name, “Article Name”, Publication Name, Publication Information, Page Number.

 

Abū ar-Rayḥān Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-Bīrūnī (973-1050)

The polymath, Al-Bīrūnī or al-Bayrūnī has a nisba problem due to a different ḥaraka seen in a manuscript which might or not be his own writing. Thus, Edward Sachau to fix this problem went to Buḫārā, and detected that people there qualified as “from within or outside of the city”. The word “Bīrūn” means the outside in Persian language.[3] Through these as well as al-Bīrūnī mentioning Ḫawārizm as his homeland,[4] it is reasonable to accept that he was from one of the suburb areas of Ḫawārizm.[5] So, in this paper we will use al-Bīrūnī as his name.

Though al-Bīrūnī avoids talking about his family and ancestors, he often talks about himself and his scholarly activities in his works. Hence, we have knowledge on with whom he had scientific affairs, such as his teacher, Abū Naṣr Manṣūr b. ʿAlī b. ʿIrāq; as well as his scientific travels. He stayed in his homeland for twenty-five years, and during which he had a correspondence with ibn Sīnā who was al-Bīrūnī’s junior. After, he went to Buḫārā to see his first benefactor Sāmānid Sultan Manṣūr II b. Nūḥ. After that, he went to Ğurğān and Rayy where his first masterpiece was compiled, Kitāb al-Āṯār al-Bāqiya ʿan al-Qurūn al-Ḫāliya. Then he returned him homeland and served to prince, the Ḫawārizmšāh Abu’l-ʿAbbās Maʾmūn b. Maʾmūn. Following the assassination of the Ḫawārizmšāh and the conquest of Ġaznawid Sultan Maḥmūd b. Subuktakīn, al-Bīrūnī went to Ġaznā. From here, al-Bīrūnī had joined campaigns of Sultan Maḥmūd towards north-west India where he had exchanged scientific knowledge and compiled Kitāb fī Taḥqīq ma li-l-Hind. Serving under Ġaznawid sultans al-Bīrūnī compiled his various masterpieces, among them are Kitāb al-Tafhīm li-Awāʾil Ṣināʿat al-Tanğīm, Kitāb al-Qanūn al-Masʿūdī fī-l-Hayʾa wa’l-Nuğūm, Kitāb al-Ğamāhir fī Maʿrifat al-Ğawāhir and Kitāb al-Ṣaydala fī’l-Ṭibb. In latter, al-Bīrūnī informs that he is over 80 lunar years, and therefore, he must have died after the year 1050.[6]

Al-Bīrūnī in his Risāla fī Fihrist Kutub Muḥammad b. Zakariyya al-Rāzī mentions his own list of works. Among which 103 are completed, 10 are unfinished, 25 are written in his name by others; making a sum of 138 works. Considering the works written after the Fihrist and specific missing ones in this list, the total number of works by al-Bīrūnī is 180, ranging from short treatises in specific matters to major compilations in different fields. 41 of these works are extant today.

Bibliography for al-Bīrūnī ’s Life and His Works

Ignatiy Yulianovich Krachkovskiy, “Arabskaya geograficheskaya literatura”, Izbrannye sochineniya, Volume 4, Moskova 1957, page 244-261.

Carl Brockelmann, Geschichte der arabischen Litteratur, 2. Baskı, Volume 1, Leiden 1943-1944, page 782-784.

Carl Brockelmann, Geschichte der arabischen Litteratur Supplementbände, Volume 1, Leiden 1937-1942, page 870-875.

Fuat Sezgin, Geschichte des arabischen Schrifttums V Mathematik bis ca. 430 H., Leiden 1971, page 375-383.

Fuat Sezgin, Geschichte des arabischen Schrifttums VI Astronomie bis ca. 430 H., Leiden 1978, page 261-276.

Fuat Sezgin, Geschichte des arabischen Schrifttums VII Astrologie, Meteorologie und Verwandtes bis ca. 430 H., Leiden 1979, page 188-192, 288-292, 412-413.

Fuat Sezgin, Geschichte des arabischen Schrifttums X Mathematische Geographie und Kartographie im Islam und ihr Fortleben im Abendland. Historische Darstellung. 1. Teil., Frankfurt am Main 2000, page 154-161.

Gregorio Abul-Pharajio Malatiensi Medico, Historia compendiosa dynastiarum, Arapça düzenleme ve Latince versiyon: ab Eduardo Pocockio, Oxford 1663, page 348.

Ebü’l-Ferec ibnü’l-İbrî, Des Gregorius Abulfaradsch kurze Geschichte der Dynastien oder Auszug der allgemeinen Weltgeschichte, besonders der Geschichte der Chalifen und Mogolen, Çeviri: Georg Lorenz Bauer, Volume 1-2, Leipzig 1783-1785, page 229.

Lucien Leclerc, Histoire de la Médecine Arabe, Volume 1, Ernest Leroux, Paris 1876, page 480-482.

George Sarton, Introduction to the History of Science, Volume 1, Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins 1927, page 707-709.

Kâtip Çelebi, Kashf al-ẓunūn ʻan asāmī al-kutub wa-al-funūn = Lexicon bibliographicum et encyclopaedicum, à Muṡṫafa benAbdallah, Katib Jelebi dicto et nomine Haji Khalfa celebrato compositum; adcodicum Vindobonensium, Parisiensium et Berolinensis fidem primum edidit Latine vertit et commentario indicibusque instruxit Gustavus Fluegel, Volume 1, Leipzig 1835-1858, page 154, 258, 272, 277.

Kâtip Çelebi, Kashf al-ẓunūn ʻan asāmī al-kutub wa-al-funūn = Lexicon bibliographicum et encyclopaedicum, à Muṡṫafa benAbdallah, Katib Jelebi dicto et nomine Haji Khalfa celebrato compositum; adcodicum Vindobonensium, Parisiensium et Berolinensis fidem primum edidit Latine vertit et commentario indicibusque instruxit Gustavus Fluegel, Volume 2, Leipzig 1835-1858, page 192, 288, 324, 385, 429, 608.

Kâtip Çelebi, Kashf al-ẓunūn ʻan asāmī al-kutub wa-al-funūn = Lexicon bibliographicum et encyclopaedicum, à Muṡṫafa benAbdallah, Katib Jelebi dicto et nomine Haji Khalfa celebrato compositum; adcodicum Vindobonensium, Parisiensium et Berolinensis fidem primum edidit Latine vertit et commentario indicibusque instruxit Gustavus Fluegel, Volume 3, Leipzig 1835-1858, page 254, 366, 512, 567-568.

Kâtip Çelebi, Kashf al-ẓunūn ʻan asāmī al-kutub wa-al-funūn = Lexicon bibliographicum et encyclopaedicum, à Muṡṫafa benAbdallah, Katib Jelebi dicto et nomine Haji Khalfa celebrato compositum; adcodicum Vindobonensium, Parisiensium et Berolinensis fidem primum edidit Latine vertit et commentario indicibusque instruxit Gustavus Fluegel, Volume 4, Leipzig 1835-1858, page 80, 186, 501.

Kâtip Çelebi, Kashf al-ẓunūn ʻan asāmī al-kutub wa-al-funūn = Lexicon bibliographicum et encyclopaedicum, à Muṡṫafa benAbdallah, Katib Jelebi dicto et nomine Haji Khalfa celebrato compositum; adcodicum Vindobonensium, Parisiensium et Berolinensis fidem primum edidit Latine vertit et commentario indicibusque instruxit Gustavus Fluegel, Volume 5, Leipzig 1835-1858, page 33, 62, 110, 114, 386-388, 435.

Kâtip Çelebi, Kashf al-ẓunūn ʻan asāmī al-kutub wa-al-funūn = Lexicon bibliographicum et encyclopaedicum, à Muṡṫafa benAbdallah, Katib Jelebi dicto et nomine Haji Khalfa celebrato compositum; adcodicum Vindobonensium, Parisiensium et Berolinensis fidem primum edidit Latine vertit et commentario indicibusque instruxit Gustavus Fluegel, Volume 6, Leipzig 1835-1858, page 53.

Adol’f-Andrey Pavlovich Yushkevich, Les Mathématiques Arabes (VIII^ᵉ-XV^ᵉ siècles), Trad. M. Cazenave et K. Jaouiche, préface de R. Taton. P., 1976, page 45, 83, 93, 137-139, 149-152.

Heinrich Suter, “Die Mathematiker und Astronomen der Araber und ihre Werke”, Abhandlungen zur Geschichte der mathematischen Wissenschaften, Issue 10, 1900, page 98-100.

Heinrich Suter, “Nachträge und Berichtigungen zu Die Mathematiker und Astronomen der Araber und ihre Werke”, Abhandlungen zur Geschichte der mathematischen Wissenschaften, Issue 14, 1902, page 170-172.

Galina Pavlovna Matviyevskaya ve Boris Abramovich Rosenfeld, Matematiki i astronomy musulʹmanskogo srednevekovya i ikh trudy, Volume 2, Moskova 1983, page 264-295.

Galina Pavlovna Matviyevskaya ve Boris Abramovich Rosenfeld, Matematiki i astronomy musulʹmanskogo srednevekovya i ikh trudy, Volume 3, Moskova 1983, page 366-367.

Bernard Carra de Vaux, Les penseurs de l’Islam, Volume 2, Paul Geuthner, Paris 1921, page 75-87.[7]

Charles Ambrose Storey, Persian Literature A Bio-Bibliographical Surver, Volume 2, Part 1, Luzac & Company Ltd., London 1972, page 44-45.

David Anthony King, A Survey of Scientific Manuscripts in the Egyptian National Library, Eisenbrauns, Winona Lake-Indiana 1986, page 47-48.

Abdur Rahman, M. A. Alvi, Shabbir Ahmad Khan Ghori & K. V. Samba Murthy, Science and Technology in Medieval India: A Bibliography of Source Materials in Sanskrit, Arabic, and Persian, Indian National Science Academy, New Delhi 1982, page 288-289, 387.

Ibn Abi Usaybiʿa, ʿUyūn al-anbāʾ fī ṭabaqāt al-aṭibbāʾ, Volume 2, Ed. August Müller, Institute for the History of Arabic-Islamic Science at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main 1995, page 20-21.

Abdumannon Abdurahmanov, “Novyye issledovaniya o matematike al-Biruni”, Trudy nauchnoy konferentsii aspirantov i mladshikh nauchnykh sotrudnikov Instituta istorii yestestvoznaniya i tekhniki AN SSSR (sektsiya istorii matematiki i mekhaniki. sektsiya istorii fiziki), Volume XII, Moscow 1969, page 3-8.

Abdumannon Abdurahmanov, Matematika v astronomicheskikh trudakh Beruni, Tashkent 1970.

Muhabbat Ahad qizi Ahadova, Beruniy wa uning matematikaga oid ishlari, Tashkent 1976.

Imam Ibrahim Ahmad, “Al-Biruni’s Astronomical Works”, Helwan Observatory Bulletin, No: 48, Cairo 1959.

Imam Ibrahim Ahmad, “The Works of al-Bayrouni Part II”, Helwan Observatory Bulletin, No: 50, Cairo 1959.

Imam Ibrahim Ahmad, “Al-Biruni’s Astronomical Works Part III”, Helwan Observatory Bulletin, No: 57, Cairo 1962.

Nafis Ahmad, “Some Glimpses of al-Biruni as a Geographer”, Millenary of Abu Raihan Muhammed ibn Ahmed al-Biruni, Karachi 1979, page 141-148.

S. A. Ali, “Al-Biruni, the Scholar and the Writer”, Proceedings of the Pakistan Historical Conference Third Session, Pakistan Historical Society, Karachi 1953, page 243-252.

Gulam Allana, “Abu Raihan Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Biruni (973 A.D. – 1048 A.D.). A Restless Genius in Search of Knowledge”, Millenary of Abu Raihan Muhammed ibn Ahmed al-Biruni, Karachi 1979, page 149-157.

Georges Chehata Anawati, “Biruni Abu Rayhan”, Encyclopaedia Iranica, Volume 4, Brill, Leiden 1990, page 275-287.

Sheikh Mohammad Razaullah Ansari, “On the Physical Researches of al-Biruni”, Indian Journal of History of Science, Volume 10 Issue 2, New Delhi 1975, page 198-217.

Roger Arnaldez, “The Theory and Practice of Science according to Ibn Sina and al-Biruni”, Millenary of Abu Raihan Muhammed ibn Ahmed al-Biruni, Karachi 1979, page 428-436.

Faqir Chand Auluck, Al-Biruni. An Introduction to his Life and Writings on the Indian Sciences, New Delhi 1971.

Syed Hasan Barani, al-Biruni, `Aligarh 1927.

Syed Hasan Barani, “Al-Biruni’s Scientific Achievements”, Indo-Iranica, Volume 5, 1952, page 33-48.

Syed Hasan Barani, “Ibn Sina and Al-Biruni, a Study in Similarities and Contrasts”, Avicenna Commemoration Volume, Calcutta 1956, page 3-14.

Ẓahīr al-Dīn Abū’l-Ḥasan ʿAlī ibn Abī’l-Qāsim al-Bayhaqī, Tatimmat Ṣiwān al-Ḥikma, Ed. Muḥammad Šafīʿ, Lahur 1935, page 62-64.

Aleksandr Markovich Belenitskiy, “Ocherk zhizni i trudov Biruni”, Abu’l-Reyhan al-Biruni: Sobraniye svedeniy dlya poznaniya dragotsennostey (Mine-ralogiya), Moscow 1963, page 271-291.

Aleksandr Markovich Belenitskiy, Ibn Sina i Beruni (opyt sravnitel’noy kharakteristiki), Abuali ibn Sina I yego epokha, Dushanbe 1980, page 161-180.

John Lennart Berggren, Episodes in the Mathematics of Medieval Islam, New York 1986, page 9-12, 141-143, 146-147, 174-176, 182-186.

Jacques-Dominique Boilot, “al-Biruni”, Encyclopaedia of Islam New edition, Volume 1, Leiden 1960, page 1236-1238.

Carl Brockelmann, al-Biruni, Encyclopaedia of Islam, Volume 1, Leiden 1913, page 757.

Edward Granville Browne, A Literary History of Persia, Volume 2, Cambridge 1906, page 90-98, 101-105.

Pavel Georgiyevich Bulgakov, “K biografii Biruni”, Narody Azii i Afriki, No: 4, 1966, page 195-200.

Pavel Georgiyevich Bulgakov, Zhizn’ i trudy Beruni, Tashkent 1972.

Pavel Georgiyevich Bulgakov, “Gumanitarnoye neslediye Beruni”, Beruni i gumanitarnyye nauki, Tashkent 1972, page 35-46.

Pavel Georgiyevich Bulgakov, Abu Reyhan Beruni, Tashkent 1973.

Pavel Georgiyevich Bulgakov, “Yestestvenno-nauchnoye naslediye Beruni”, ONU, No: 7-8, 1973, page 27-34.

Pavel Georgiyevich Bulgakov, “Beruniyning ijtimoiy fanlar sohasidaga ilmiy merosi”, Beruniy va ihtimoiy fanlar, Tashkent 1973, page 36-48.

Pavel Georgiyevich Bulgakov, “Zhiznennyy put’ i trudy Biruni”, Voprosy istorii yestestvoznaniya i tekhniki, No:47-48, Moscow 1974, page 68-75.

Pavel Georgiyevich Bulgakov, “Beruni i Khorezmi”, Matematika I astronomiya v trudakh uchonykh srednevekovogo Vostoka, Tashkent 1977, page 119-122.

Pavel Georgiyevich Bulgakov & Ašraf Ahmedovič Ahmedov, “Beruni i al-Kindi o teorii parallel’nykh”, ONU, No:8, 1977, page 30-36.

Bernard Carra de Vaux, “Astronomy and Mathematics”, Legacy of Islam, 1931, page 30-34.

Ja`far Aqayani Chawushi, “Abu Rayhan Biruni wa ibtikarat-i `ilmi-yi u”, al-Rasiyati dar barayi Abu Rayhan Biruni ba munasibat-i hazara-yi waladat-i u: Essays on al-Biruni Compiled for the Occasion of his Millenary, Tehran 1973, page 346-398.

Victor Courtois, Al-Biruni, a Life Sketch, Calcutta 1952.

Ahmad Saʿid al-Damardash, “Al-Asbab huduth al-huruf li-Shaykh al-Rais Ibn Sina”, Risala al-`ilm, No:4, 1962, page 232-252.

ʿAli Akbar Dihkhuda, Sharh-I hal-I nabigha-yi shahir-I Iran Abu Rayhan Muhammad ibn Muhammad Khwarizmi Biruni, Tehran 1945.

Farman Fathnuri, “Abu’I-Rayhan Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Biruni jai pidaish ka qaziya”, Millenary of Abu Raihan Muhammed ibn Ahmed al-Biruni, Karachi 1979, page 827-937.

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Louis Gardet, “Portraits of Two Savants and Humanists – Biruni and Albert the Great”, Millenary of Abu Raihan Muhammed ibn Ahmed al-Biruni, Karachi 1979, page 195-203.

Fatin Gökmen, Biruni, İslam Ansiklopedisi, Istanbul 1952, page 635-646.

Sergey Nikolayevich Grigorian, Velikiye mysliteli Sredney Azii (al-Farabi, al-Biruni, Ibn Sina), Moscow 1958.

Hamidulla Hasan ughli Hasanov, “Voprosy geograficheskogo rayonirovaniya Zemli v trudakh Abu Rayhana Biruni”, Izv. Uzb. filiala Geograf. obshchestva SSSR, Volume 7, 1963, page 107-111.

Anton Michael Heinen, “Al-Biruni and Ibn al-Haytham: A Comparative Study of Scientific Method”, Millenary of Abu Raihan Muhammed ibn Ahmed al-Biruni, Karachi 1979, page 501-513.

Heinrich Hermelink, “Zur Bestimmung von Birunis Todestag”, Suddhoffs Archiv, Volume 61 No:3, 1977, page 298-300.

Muhammad ʿInayatallah, Tadhkira-yi Abu Rayhan Biruni, Aghra 1893.

Abdusodiq Iris ughli Irisov, Aburayhon Biruniy, Tashkent 1960.

Abdusodiq Iris ughli Irisov, “Ibn Sina”, ma”rifat parwar adib, Tashkent 1962.

Giyas Jalal ughli Jalalov, Abu Rayhon Beruniy, Tashkent 1950.

Giyas Jalal ughli Jalalov, “Biruniy va astronomiya fani”, Beruniy Urta Osiyoning buyuk olimi, Tashkent 1950, page 77-97.

Yu Jumabayev, “Ob eticheskikh vozzreniyakh Beruni”, ONU, No: 7-8, 1973, page 84-88.

Paul Christian Kahle, Piri Reis. Bahriye, das türkisches Segelhandbuch für das Mittelandische Meer von Jahre 1521, Volume 1-2, Berlin 1926.

Abdülkadir Karahan, “Abu Rayhan al-Biruni – Muallifatuhu al-makhṭuṭat bil-maktabat Istanbul”, Millenary of Abu Raihan Muhammed ibn Ahmed al-Biruni, Karachi 1979, page 821-826.

Ubaydulla Israil ughli Karimov, “Odate smerti Beruni”, ONU, No: 8, 1970, page 67-68.

Bonifatiy Mikhaylovich Kedrov, “Velikiy sredneaziatskiy uchonyy-entsiklopedist Biruni”, Voprosy istorii yestestvoznaniya i tekhniki, No: 47-48, 1974, page 60-68.

Bonifatiy Mikhaylovich Kedrov & Boris Abramovich Rosenfeld, Abu Rayhan Biruni, Moscow 1973.

Edward Stewart Kennedy, “Al-Biruni (al-Beruni)”, Dictionary of Scientific Biography, Volume 3, 1970, page 347-158.

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Edward Stewart Kennedy, “al-Biruni”, Lexikon des Mittelalters, Volume 2, 1983, page 226-227.

Muzaffar Muhitdin ughli Khayrullayev, Biruniy, Tashkent 1957.

Muzaffar Muhitdin ughli Khayrullayev, “Biruni”, Filosofskaya entsiklopediya, Volume 1, Moscow 1960, page 170.

Fritz Krafft, “al-Biruni”, Die Großen der Weltgeschiclue, 1986, page 51-52.

Max Krause, “Al-Biruni, ein Iranischer Forscher des Mittelalter”, Der Islam, Volume 26, 1940, page 1-15.

Fritz Krenkow, “Abu’R-Raihan al-Biruni”, Islamic Culture, Volume 6 No: 4, 1932, page 528-534.

Malik Latif, Abu’l-Rayhan al-Biruni, Lahur 1965.

Habibulla Jafarqulu oghlu Mamedbeyli & Nasirjon Katyp zoda Marupov, “Ba’ze korhoi Aburayhon Bcruni oid ba fizika wa astronomiya”, Maktabi soveti, No: 11, 1968, page 36-41.

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i 1975, page 98-110.

Louis Massignon, “Al-Berunî et la valeur internationale de la science arabe”, Al-Biruni Commemoration Volume, Calcutta 1951, page 217-219.

Galina Pavlovna Matviyevskaya, Biruniy wa tabii fanlar, Tashkent 1963.

Galina Pavlovna Matviyevskaya, “lz ranney isiorii izucheniya matematicheskogo i astronomicheskogo naslediya Beruni”, Beruniy. Tughilgan kunining 1000 yilligiga, Edited by Ubaydulla Israil ughli Karimov & Abdusodiq Iris ughli Irisov, Tashkent 1973, page 173-185.

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Vladimir Minorsky, “On some of Biruni’s informants”, Al-Biruni Commemoration Volume, Calcutta 1951, page 233-236.

Mujtaba Minov, “Abu Rayhan Biruni”, al-Rasiyati dar barayi Abu Rayhan Biruni ba munasibat-i hazara-yi waladat-i u. Essays on al-Biruni Compiled for the Occasion of his Millenary, Tehran 1973, page 1-53.

Ibrahim Mumin ughli Muminov, Nauchnyy metod poznaniya Beruni, Tashkent 1971.

Ibrahim Mumin ughli Muminov, “Abu Rayhan Beruni -vydayushchiysya uchonyy- entsiklopedist”, Beruni I gumanitarnyye nauki, Tashkent 1972, page 3-24.

Ibrahim Mumin ughli Muminov, Velikiy entsiklopedist iz Khorezma, Tashkent 1973.

Ibrahim Mumin ughli Muminov, Khorazmlik buyuk entsiklopedist olim, Tashkent 1973.

Ibrahim Mumin ughli Muminov, “Abu Rayhon Beruniy – buyuk entsiklopedist”, Beruniy va ihtimoiy fanlar, Tashkent 1973, page 3-25.

Ibrahim Mumin ughli Muminov, “Beruni kak istorik nauki”, Beruni. K 1000-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya, Tashkent 1973 page 3-15.

Ibrahim Mumin ughli Muminov, “Beruniy – fan tarikhchisi”, Beruniy. Tughilgan kunining 1000 yilligiga, Edited by Ubaydulla Israil ughli Karimov & Abdusodiq Iris ughli Irisov, Tashkent 1973, page 3-18.

Ibrahim Mumin ughli Muminov, “Velikiy uchonyy – entsiklopedist”, ONU, No: 7-8, 1973, page 12-26.

Ibrahim Mumin ughli Muminov, Velikiy éntsiklopedist iz Khorezma. K 1000-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya Biruni, Moscow 1974.

Ibrahim Mumin ughli Muminov, “Vydayushchiysya myslitel’ Sredney Azii”, Materialy po istorii progressivnoy obshcestvenno-folosofskot mysli v Uzbekistane, Second Edition, Tashkent 1976, page 7-46.

Najibullah, “Abouraihan Al-Beruni and His Time”, Afghanistan, Volume 6, 1951, page 17-40.

Naim Karimovich Norqulov, Beruni i Khorezm, Tashkent 1973.

Naim Karimovich Norqulov, Beruniy va Khorazm, Tashkent 1973.

Kadir Narkhojayev, “Nauchnyye raboty velikogo uzbekskogo myslitelya Biruni”, Geodeziya i karyografiya, No: 11, 1971, page 68-72.

Kadir Narkhojayev, “Geodezicheskiye raboty Beruni”, ONU, No: 7-8, 1973, page 91-96.

Kadir Narkhojayev, Beruni i yego raboty po geodezii, Taskent 1973.

Kadir Narkhojayev, Beruniy wa uning geodeziya faniga doir ishlari, Taskent 1973.

Kadir Narkhojayev, “Beruniy va geodeziya fani”, Beruniy. Tughilgan kunining 1000 yilligiga, Edited by Ubaydulla Israil ughli Karimov & Abdusodiq Iris ughli Irisov, Tashkent 1973, page 154-158.

Kadir Narkhojayev, Geodezicheskiye raboty Beruni, Tashkent 1977.

Seyyed Hossein Nasr, An Introduction to Islamic Cosmological Doctrines. Conceptions of Nature and Methods used for its Study by Ikhwan al-Safa, al-Biruni and lbn-Sina, Cambridge 1964.

Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Al-Biruni: An Annotated Bibliography, Tehran 1973.

Seyyed Hossein Nasr, An Introduction to Islamic Cosmological Doctrines: conceptions of Nature and Methods Used for Its Study by Ikhwân al-Safâ’, al-Bîrûnî, and Ibn Sînâ, London 1978.

Seyyed Hossein Nasr, “Al-Biruni as Philosopher”, Millenary of Abu Raihan Muhammed ibn Ahmed al-Biruni, Karachi 1979, page 400-406.

Rasul Nasyrovich Nasyrov, “Voprosy istiny v trudakh Abu Rayhana Beruni”, avtoreferat dissertatsii na soiskaniye uchonoy stepeni kandidata (doktora) arkhitektury, istoricheskikh, meditsinskikh, pedagogiche-skiikh, filologicheskikh, fiziko-matematicheskikh, filosofskikh nauk, Taskent 1971.

Rasul Nasyrovich Nasyrov, “Beruni o roli sravnitel’nogo metoda v nauchnom poznanii”, ONU, No 7-8, 1973, page 39-43.

Rasul Nasyrovich Nasyrov, “Haqiqat tughrisida Beruniy ta”limoti”, Beruniy. Tughilgan kunining 1000 yilligiga, Edited by Ubaydulla Israil ughli Karimov & Abdusodiq Iris ughli Irisov, Tashkent 1973, page 80-93.

Abdur Rauf Nawshervi, “Al-Biruni’s Contribution to Natural Sciences”, Millenary of Abu Raihan Muhammed ibn Ahmed al-Biruni, Karachi 1979, page 582-586.

Muhammad Nizamuddin, Al-Biruni and his Scientific Achievements, Hyderabad 1960.

Muhammad Nizamuddin, “Al-Biruni – a Pioneer Muslim Scientist”, Arshi Presentation Volume, Rampur 1965, page 73-91.

Abdulla Nosirov, “Biruniy haqida sharq qulyozma kitoblaridagi materiallar”, Beruniy Urta Osiyoning buyuk olimi, Tashkent 1950, page 108-124.

Abdulla Nosirov, “Biruniy asarlarining ruyhati (fehrasti)”, Beruniy Urta Osiyoning buyuk olimi, Tashkent 1950, page 144-168.

Abdulla Nosirov, “Ukazatel’ literatury (istochnikov) o zhizni i deyatel’nosti Ulugbeka”, Iz istorii nauki epokhi Ulugbeka, Edited by Sa`id Hasan ughli Sirajdinov, Tashkent 1979, page 362-377.

İbrahim Olgun, “Beyrûnî’nin kişiye ve topluma bakışı. Al-Biruni’s Outlook on Man and Society”, Beyruni’ye armağan, Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, Istanbul 1974, page 55-66.

Arthur Upham Pope, “Alberuni as a Thinker”, Al-Biruni Commemoration Volume, Calcutta 1951, page 281-285.

Obaidulla Quds, “Al-Biruni’s Methodology and Its Sources”, Millenary of Abu Raihan Muhammed ibn Ahmed al-Biruni, Karachi 1979, page 594-904.

Umbar Qulmuradov, “Beruni o poznanii mira”, ONU, No: 7-8, 1973, page 82-84.

Abu’l-Qasim Qurbani, Biruni-nama, Tehran 1974.

Aziz Ghulam Rabbani, “Al-Biruni and his Academic Conquests”, Millenary of Abu Raihan Muhammed ibn Ahmed al-Biruni, Karachi 1979, page 158-159.

Abdur Rahman, “Alberuni and Some Problems of Medieval Science”, Yad-nama-yi kungra-yi Abu’l-Rayhan Biruni. The Commemoration Volume of Biruni International Congress in Tehran, Volume 2, Tehran 1976, page 29.

Roshdi Rashed, “Al-Biruni et l’algèbre”, Yad-nama-yi kungra-yi Abu’l-Rayhan Biruni. The Commemoration Volume of Biruni International Congress in Tehran, Volume 2, Tehran 1976, page 63-74.

Timofey Ivanovich Raynov, “Al-Biruni – velikiy uchoenyy Sredney Azii”, Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Volume 8, 1949, page 101-116.

Helmut Ritter, “Aus turkischen Bibliotheken”, Beiträge zur Erschließung der arabischen Handschriften in Istanbul un Anatolien, Volume 2, Franfurt am Main 1986, page 459-475.

Boris Abramovich Rosenfeld, Svetlana Aleksandrovna Krasnova & Miriam Mikhaylovna Rozhanskaya, “O matematicheskikh rabotakh Abu-r-Rayhana al-Biruni”, Iz istorii nauki i tekhtiki v stranakh Vostoka, Volume 3, Moscow 1963, page 71-92.

Boris Abramovich Rosenfeld, Miriam Mikhaylovna Rozhanskaya & Zinaida Kuz’minichna Sokolovskaya, Abu-r-Rayhan al-Biruni (973-1048), Moscow 1973.

Franz Rosenthal, “On Some Epistomological and Methodological Pre-suppositions of al-Bîrunî”, Beyruni’ye armağan, Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, Istanbul 1974, page 145-156.

Miriam Mikhaylovna Rozhanskaya, “al-Biruni”, Scienzati e tecnologi dalle origini al 1875, Volume 1, Milano 1975, page 168.

Jerzy Rudzki, “Al-Biruni – wszechstronny uczony renesansu islamu”, Matematyka, Volume 34 No: 4, 1981, page 237-243.

Mardan Ayub ughli Sabirov & Ashraf Ahmad ughli Ahmedov, “O nekotorykh dostizheniyakh Beruniy v astronomii i matematike”, Nauch. trudy Tash. gos. Universiteta, Volume 460, Tashkent 1974, page 113-119.

Eduard Sachau, “Algebraisches über das Schach bei Bîrûnî”, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, Volume 29, Leipzig 1876, page 148-156.

Eduard Sachau, “Einleitung zur Chronologie orientalischer Völker von Albêrûnî”, Alberuni. Chronologie orientalischer Völker, Edited by Eduard Sachau, Leipzig 1878, page VIII-LII.

Hashim Umar zoda Sadyqov, “Biruni i yego astronomicheskiye raboty”, Astronomicheskiy Zhurnal, Volume 27 No: 2, 1950, page 73-80.

Hashim Umar zoda Sadyqov, “Astronomichcskoye ucheniye Biruni”, Biruni; sbornik stateĭ, Moscow 1950, page 74-87.

Hashim Umar zoda Sadyqov, Biruni hamchun astronom, Stalinabad 1952.

Hashim Umar zoda Sadyqov, Al-Biruni i yego raboty po astronomii i matematicheskoy geografii, Moscow 1953.

Hashim Umar zoda Sadyqov, Velikiy astronom XI veka Abu-Rayhan Biruni, Stalinabad 1956.

Hashim Umar zoda Sadyqov, Beruni, Stalinabad 1957.

Zabihulla Safa, Sargudhasht wa ta`lifat wa ash`ar wa ara-yi Ibn-i Sina, Volume 1, Tehran 1951, page 281-287.

Zabihulla Safa, “Al-Biruni. Akhwal u athar-i Abu Ray ban al-Biruni. Ses œuvres et ses pensées”, Yad-nama-yi kungra-yi Abu’l-Rayhan Biruni. The Commemoration Volume of Biruni International Congress in Tehran, Volume 2, Tehran 1976, page 1-35.

Zabihulla Safa, Abu Rayhan Biruni wa hazara-yi u, Tehran 1973.

Hakim Muhammed Sa’id, “Al-Tibb al-Islami”, Hamdard, Volume 19 No: 1-6, 1976, page 1-119.

Hakim Muhammed Sa’id & Ansar Zahil Khan, Al-Biruni: His Time, Life and Works, Karachi 1981.

Ahmad Salim Sa`idan, “Hawla rasail al-Biruni”, Majalla Ma`had al-makhtyt.at al-`arabiyya, Volume 6, Cairo 1960, page 307-312.

Ahmad Salim Sa`idan, “Al-Biruni on Trigonometry”, Erdem, Volume 6, 1990.

Sayyid Ja`far Sajadi, “Abu Rayhan danishmand-i Irani wa buzurgtarin nabigha-yi jihan”, al-Rasiyati dar barayi Abu Rayhan Biruni ba munasibat-i hazara-yi waladat-i u. Essays on al-Biruni Compiled for the Occasion of his Millenary, Tehran 1973, page 292-345.

George Saliba, “Biruni and Bar Shinaya” Millenary of Abu Raihan Muhammed ibn Ahmed al-Biruni, Karachi 1979, page 251-259.

George Saliba, “Biruni, Mathematics and Astronomy”, Encyclopaedia Iranica, Volume 4, 1989, page 277-279.

George Saliba, “Al-Biruni and the Science of His Time”, The Cambridge History of Arabic Literature, Cambridge 1990, page 405-423.

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sal’ye, “Velikiy khorezmiysky uchonyy Abu’l-Rayhan al-Biruni (973-1048)”, Zvezda Vostoka, No: 6, 1950, page 65-74.

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sal’ye, Khorazmlik ulugh olim Abu Rayhon Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Biruniy (ijadiy hayot yulini yoritishdagi tajriba), Tashkent 1960.

Abdul Lātif Samian, “Al-Biruni (Mathematics and Astronomy)”, Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures, 1997, page 157-158.

Julio Samsò, “”al-Biruni” in al-Andalus”, From Baghdad to Barcelona. Studies in the Islamic Exact Sciences in Honour of Prof. Juan Vernet, Volume 2, Barcelona 1996, page 583-612.

Aydın Sayılı, “Bîrûnî”, Belleten, Volume 13, Türk Tarih Kurumu, Ankara 1949.

Aydın Sayılı, The Observatory in Islam and its Place in the General History of the Observatory, Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, Volume 7, No: 38, Ankara 1960, page 124-130.

Aydın Sayılı, “Doğumunun 1000’inci yılında Beyruni”, Beyruni’ye armağan, Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, Istanbul 1974, page 1-40.

Aydın Sayılı, “Beyrunî ve bilim tarihi”, Beyruni’ye armağan, Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, Istanbul 1974, page 67-81.

Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Semyonov, Opisaniye persidskikh, arabskikh i turetskikh rukopisey Fundamental’noy biblioteki, Volume 1, Tashkent 1935.

Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Semyonov, Opisaniye tajikskikh, persidskikh, arabskikh i tyurkskikh rukopisey Fundamental’noy biblioteki, Volume 2, Tashkent 1956.

Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Semyonov, Al-Biruni – velichayshiy uchonyuy srednevekovogo Vostoka i Zapada, Stalinabad 1948.

Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Semyonov, “Biruni – vydayushchiysyu uchonyy srednevekov’ya”, Biruni – velikiy uchonyy srednevekov’ya, Tashkent 1960, page 26-42.

Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Semyonov, “Urta asrning mashhur olimi Biruniy”, Beruniy Urta Osiyoning buyuk olimi, Tashkent 1950, page 25-46.

S.N. Sen, “Al-Biruni and the Determination of Latitudes and Longitudes in India”, Indian Journal of History of Science, Volume 10 Issue 2, 1975, page 185-197.

`Ali Ahmad Shahhat, Abu’l-Rayhan al-Biruni, Cairo 1968.

F. A. Shamsi, “Abu al-Raihan Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Bayruni 362/973 – ca 443/1051”, Millenary of Abu Raihan Muhammed ibn Ahmed al-Biruni, Karachi 1979, page 280-288.

Anvar Jumaniyaz ughli Sharipov, “O nekotorykh materialisticheskikh tendentsiyakh filosofskikh vozzreniy Beruni”, Voprosy filosofi, Taskent 1965, page 112-121.

Anvar Jumaniyaz ughli Sharipov, “K kritike burzhuaznykh kontseptsiy mirovozzreniya Biruni”, ONU, No: 8, 1965, page 36-43.

Anvar Jumaniyaz ughli Sharipov, Yestestvenno-nauchnyye i filosofskiye vozzreniya Biruni – avtoreferat dissertatsii na soiskaniye uchonoy stepeni kandidata (doktora) arkhitektury, istoricheskikh, meditsinskikh, pedagogiche-skiikh, filologicheskikh, fiziko-matematicheskikh, filosofskikh nauk, Taskent 1966.

Anvar Jumaniyaz ughli Sharipov, Velikiy myslitel’ Abu Rayhan Beruni, Tashkent 1966.

Anvar Jumaniyaz ughli Sharipov, “Abu Rayhan Beruni”, Iz filosofskogo naslediya narodov Blizhnego i Srednego Vostoka, Tashkent 1972, page 199-233.

Anvar Jumaniyaz ughli Sharipov, “O vzglyadakh Bcruni na obshchestvo i cheloveka”, Beruni i gumanitarnyye nauki, Edited by Ibrahim Mumin ughli Muminov, Tashkent 1972, page 66-75.

Anvar Jumaniyaz ughli Sharipov, “ldeynye svyuzt Beruni i Farabi”, Vozvrascheniye Uchitelya. O zhizni i tvorchestve Farabi, Almaty 1975, page 50-53.

Jalal S. A. Shawky, “Al-Biruni’s Contribution to the Physical Sciences”, Proceedings of the first International Symposium for the History of Arabic Science: April 5-12, 1976, Volume 2, Aleppo 1978, page 171-172.

Akhtar H. Siddiqi, “Al-Biruni (Geography)”, Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures, 1997, page 158-159.

Khalil Siddyq ughli Siddyqoy, Chaghminiy wa uning utmishdashlari, Tashkent 1976, page 32-40.

Sa`di Hasan ughli Sirajdinov & Galina Pavlovna Matviyevskaya, Abu Rayhan Beruni, Moscow 1978.

Sa`di Hasan ughli Sirajdinov, Galina Pavlovna Matviyevskaya & Ašraf Ahmedovič Ahmedov, Matematika i astronomiya v rabotakh Abu Rayhona Beruni, Tashkent 1973.

Sa`di Hasan ughli Sirajdinov, Galina Pavlovna Matviyevskaya & Ašraf Ahmedovič Ahmedov, “Beruniy”, matematik va astronom, Tashkent 1973.

Muhammed Souissi, “Le message scientifique d’al-Biruni et sa portée actuelle dans les pays musulmans”, Millenary of Abu Raihan Muhammed ibn Ahmed al-Biruni, Karachi 1979, page 765-775.

Umarbek Sultonov, Muosironi Abuali ibni Sino, Dushanbe 1980, page 42-64.

Heinrich Suter, Eilhard Wiedemann & Oskar Rescher, “Über al-Bîrûnî und seine Schriften”, Beitrage zur Geschichte der Mathematik und Astronomie im Islam. 1-2. Mit Vor-wort von Fuat Sezgin in Deutsch und Arabisch, Volume II, Frankfurt am Main 1986, page 492-533.

Jehangir Cowasji Tavadia, “Al-Biruni and Firdousi”, Visvabharati Quaterly, Volume 15, 1949-1950, page 51-59.

Jehangir Cowasji Tavadia, “Al-Biruni and Orientalistics”, Al-Biruni Commemoration Volume, Calcutta 1951, page 287-291.

Abu’l-Futuh Muhammad al-Tawanisi, Abu’l-Rayhan Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Biruni, Cairo 1967.

Sergey Pavlovich Tolstov, “Biruni i yego vremya”, Biruni; sbornik stateĭ, Moscow 1950, page 3-29.

Sergey Pavlovich Tolstov, “Biruni va uning zamoni”, Beruniy Urta Osiyoning buyuk olimi, Tashkent 1950, page 3-24.

Sergey Pavlovich Tolstov, “Biruni i yego “Pamyatniki minuvshikh pokoleniy””, Izbrannye proizvedeniya, Tashkent 1957, page VII-XX.

Sergey Pavlovich Tolstov, “Biruni i problema drevney srednevekovoy istorii Khorezma”, Materialy Vsesoyuz. nauchnoy konf. vostokovedov v Tashkente, Tashkent 1958, page 125-130.

Qadri Hafiz Tuqan, Turath al-`arab al-`ilmi fi’I-riyadiyyat wa’l-falak, Cairo 1963, page 310-321.

Muhammad Qadir Turki & Sarur Guna, Nama`lum Biruni, Kabul 1935-1936.

Giyas Yakubovich Umarov, Beruni, Kopernik i sovremennaya nauka, Tashkent 1973.

Giyas Yakubovich Umarov, Abu Rayhon Beruniy, Nikolay Kopernik wa hozirgi zamon fani, Tashkent 1973.

Tashpulat Usmanov, “Beruniy elektr wa magnit hodisalari haqidagi fikrlari”, Sovet maktabi, No: 7, 1972, page 43-45.

Tashpulat Usmanov, “Beruniyning fizika tarikhida tutgan uµrni”, Beruniy. Tughilgan kunining 1000 yilligiga, Tashkent 1973, page 179-197.

Larisa Georgiyevna, “Nachertatel’naya geometriya al-Biruni”, Trudy nauchnoy konferentsii aspirantov i mladshikh nauchnykh sotrud-nikov Instituta istorii yestestvoznaniya i tekhniki AN SSSR (sektsiya istorii matematiki i me-khaniki, sektsiya istorii fiziki), Volume 20-22, Moscow 1981, page 145-151.

Larisa Georgiyevna, “Traktat al-Biruni o tenyakh”, Trudy nauchnoy konferentsii aspirantov i mladshikh nauchnykh sotrud-nikov Instituta istorii yestestvoznaniya i tekhniki AN SSSR (sektsiya istorii matematiki i me-khaniki, sektsiya istorii fiziki), Volume XIX, Moscow 1978, page 145-151.

Ahmed Zeki Velidi Togan & Fatin Gökmen, “Bîrûnî”, İslam Ansiklopedisi, Volume 2, Istanbul 1961, page 635-647.

Aleksandr Il’ich Volodarskiy, “Indiyskaya matematika i Biruni”, Istoriya i metodologiya yestestvennykh nauk, Volume 20, Moscow 1978, page 49-57.

Eilhard Wiedemann, “Beiträge zur Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften XXVIII. a) Biographie von al Beihaqî nach Jâqût. b) Biographie von al Bêrûnî nach Ibn Abî Useibi`a”, Sitzungsberichle der physikaiischen-medizinischen Sozietat in Erlangen, Volume 44, Erlangen 1912, page 113-118.

Eilhard Wiedemann, “al-Biruni”, Encyclopaedia of Islam, Volume 5, Leiden 1938, page 43-44.

Eilhard Wiedemann & Josef Hell, “Beitrage zur Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften. XXIX. Geographisches aus dem mas’ûdischen Kanon von al Bêrûnî”, Sitzungsberichle der physikaiischen-medizinischen Sozietat in Erlangen, Volume 44, Erlangen 1912, page 119-125.

S. M. Yusuf, “al-Biruni as a mathematician”, Millenary of Abu Raihan Muhammed ibn Ahmed al-Biruni, Karachi 1979, page 713-715.

A. W. Zahuri, “Al-Biruni, a Great Astronomer, Mathematician and Chronologist”, Hamdard medic, Issue 9, 1965, page 7-11.

W. Zayaczkowski, “Wielcy uczeni Azji Srodkowej – Farabi i Biruni”, Przeglad Orientalistyczny, Volume 3, 1950, page 67-72.

Vahid Yuldash ughli Zahidov, “Al-Biruni kak myslitel’”, Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, seriya istorii i filasofii, Volume 6 No: 2, 1949, page 120-133.

Vahid Yuldash ughli Zahidov, “Biruni kak pohornik nauki”, Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, No: 8, 1949, page 106-11.

Vahid Yuldash ughli Zahidov, “Velikiy myslitel’ X-XI v.”, Biruni – velikiy uchonyy srednevekov’ya, Tashkent 1950, page 43-68.

Vahid Yuldash ughli Zahidov, “Urta asr falsafiy onggining ulugh pahlavoni”, Beruniy Urta Osiyoning buyuk olimi, Tashkent 1950, page 47-67.

Vahid Yuldash ughli Zahidov, Tri titana (Abu Nasr al-Farabi, Abu Rayhan Beruni, Abu All ibn Sinn), Tashkent 1973.

Vahid Yuldash ughli Zahidov, Ogni istorii, Tashkent 1974, page 30-50.

Yuriy Nikolayevich Zavadovskiy, “Abu Nasr al-Farabi, Vtoroy Uchitel’, i Abu `Ali ibn Sina, inache nazyvaemyye al-Farabiyani (2 Farabi)”, Al-Farabi Nauchnoye tvorchestvo, Moscow 1975, page 100-111.

Ahmad Ziauddin, “Al-Biruni (His life and his works),” Islamic culture, Volume 5 No: 3, 1931, page 343-351.

Fathulla Zikrilla ughli Zikrillayev, “Raboty Biruni i Ibn Siny v oblasti fiziki”, Voprosy istorii fiz. – mat. nauk., Moscow 1963, page 443-44.

Fathulla Zikrilla ughli Zikrillayev, Raboty Beruni v oblasti fiziki, Tashkent 1973.

Fathulla Zikrilla ughli Zikrillayev, Beruniyning fizika sohasidagi ishlari, Tashkent 1973.

Fathulla Zikrilla ughli Zikrillayev, “Ba’zi fizik hodisalar haqida Beruniy va Ibn Sina fikrlari”, Beruniy. Tughilgan kunining 1000 yilligiga, Tashkent 1973, page 170-178.

Fathulla Zikrilla ughli Zikrillayev, “Voprosy fiziki v tdudakh Biruni i Ibn Siny”, Istoriya i metodologiya yestestvennykh nauk., Volume 17, Moscow 1975, page 88-97.

Al-Bīrūnī ’s Book on Geodesy

He compiled the book Kitāb Taḥdid Nihāyāt al-Amākin li-Taṣḥīḥ Masāfāt al-Masākin on his trip as political innate from Ḫawārizm to Ghaznavid Sultanate and finalized it in city Ġaznā in 1018. His main goal in the book is to determine the accurate location of this city in relation to Baġdād and Mecca in order to find the correct direction for qibla. To achieve the best results, al-Bīrūnī analyzes the techniques for calculating latitude and longitude. He brings previous calculations done by others as well as the techniques themselves and criticizes. Additionally, he considers geological and topographical changes as well. Consequently, this book on geodesy consists various topics, such as astronomy, mathematics and technology.

Therefore, Kitāb Taḥdid Nihāyāt al-Amākin li-Taṣḥīḥ Masāfāt al-Masākin contains mainly technical details, hence, it is hard to be examined without prior knowledge.[8] For this reason, the book needs to be translated in systematical method by giving all the prior explanations as well as converting into today’s perspective. The previous translation of this work into Ottoman Turkish and its transcription into modern Turkish language lacks in this sense. So, with the considerations of the all previous studies as well as new findings within possibility, a new translation of the book is necessary.

I will now briefly describe the book chapters, and then, list bibliography on Kitāb Taḥdid Nihāyāt al-Amākin li-Taṣḥīḥ Masāfāt al-Masākin:

The book consists of 38 chapters with an extensive introduction. The main attraction for the introduction is terrestrial globe made by al-Bīrūnī in city Kath and his views on the formation of mountains. After the introduction, first five chapters discusses on latitudes and longitudes of different cities and obliquity of ecliptic by himself and his forerunners. Next twenty chapters are about determining the latitudes and differences of longitudes between certain cities. Next thirteen chapters discusses on evaluating the equinox times in Ġuġānğ and Ġaznā by distinct scholars varying from Hyparchus to al-Bīrūnī himself.

Bibliography for Kitāb Taḥdid Nihāyāt al-Amākin li-Taṣḥīḥ Masāfāt al-Masākin

Manuscripts

• Istanbul, Süleymaniye Library, Fatih Collection, No: 3386.
• Cairo, National Library, Hay`a collection, No: 84-85.

The Cairo manuscript, according to David Anthony King is photos of the first manuscript. This makes the Istanbul manuscript unique as it is the only extant one.[9]

Editions

• Abū ar-Rayḥān Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-Bīrūnī, كتاب تحديد نهايات الاماكن لتصحيح مسافات المساكن, edited by Pavel Georgiyevich Bulgakov in Majalla Ma`had al-makhtutat al-`arabiyya Volume 8, Cairo 1962.

Reprint of this edition:

Fuat Sezgin, Islamic Geography, Volume 25, Institution for the History of Arabic-Islamic Science at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main 1992.

• Abū ar-Rayḥān Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-Bīrūnī, كتاب تحديد نهايات الاماكن لتصحيح مسافات المساكن, Edited by Muhammed Tancî, Ankara 1962.

Translations

• Jamil Ali, The Determination of the Coordinates of Positions for the Correction of Distances between Cities, Beirut 1967.

Reprint of this edition:

Fuat Sezgin, Islamic Geography, Volume 26, Institution for the History of Arabic-Islamic Science at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main 1992.

• Pavel Georgiyevich Bulgakov, “Geodeziya”, Izbrannyye proizvedeniya, Volume 3, Tashkent 1966.

Researches

Kazim Hasan Askari, “Al-Beruni on the Shifting of the Bed of Amu Darya’”, Islamic Culture, Volume 50 No: 4, 1976, page 201-210.

Aleksandr Markovich Belenitskiy, “Velikiy sredneaziatsky entsiklopedist X veka al-Biruni o gornykh bogatstvakh Sredney Azii”, Priroda, No: 8, 1949, page 73-77.

Aleksandr Markovich Belenitskiy, “O “Mineralogii” al-Biruni”, Vestnik Leningrad, gos. Universiteta, No: 11, 1949, page 43-54.

Aleksandr Markovich Belenitskiy, “Kartina mira po Biruni”, Uch. zap. LGU, ser. vostokoved. nauk. 2, 1949, page 201-214.

Yah’ya Gulom ughli Gulyamov, “Biruni ob istoricheskoy gidrografii nizov’yev Amu-Dar’i”, Biruni – velikiy uchonyy srednevekov’ya, Tashkent 1950, page 85-92.

Yah’ya Gulom ughli Gulyamov, “Beruniy Amudaryo oqimining tarihiy gidrografiyasi haqida”, Beruniy Urta Osiyoning buyuk olimi, Tashkent 1950, page 70-76.

Hamidulla Hasan ughli Hasanov, “O “Meteorologii i klimatologii” Biruni”, Trudy Tashkent, gos. universiteta. 193. Geografiya, Tashkent 1962, page 11-14.

Inamullah Jan, “Comments on Tahdid nihaya al-amakin li tashih masafah al-masakin”, Millenary of Abu Raihan Muhammed ibn Ahmed al-Biruni, Karachi 1979, page 518-523.

Edward Stewart Kennedy, A Commentary upon Biruni’s Kitab Tahdid al-amakin, Beirut 1973.

Johannes Hendrik Kramers, “Al Biruni’s Determination of Geographical Longitude by Measuring the Distance”, Al-Biruni Commemoration Volume, Calcutta 1951, page 177-193.

Fritz Krenkow, “Sirafi”, Encyclopaedia of Islam, Volume 4, Leiden 1934, page 477-478.

Nikolay Ivanovich Leonov, “Beruni – geotektonik”, Beruni. K 1000-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya, Tashknet 1973, page 28-29.

Winfried Petri, “Mekka und Meridian – ein Mißverstandnis bei al-Biruni”, Prismata. Naturwissenschaftsgeschichtliche Studien. Festschrift für Willy Hartner, Wiesbaden 1977, page 363-364.

M. Teshabayev, “Kartograficcheskiye i geodezicheskiye raboty al’-Khorezmi i Biruni”, Izv. Uzb. filiala Geograf. obshchestva SSSR, Volume 3, 1957, page 181-186.

Ahmed Zeki Velidi Togan, “Biruni’s Picture of the world”, Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of lndia, No: 53, 1941.

Footnotes

[1] Boilot (1986, p. 1236)

[2] Rosenfeld and Ihsanoğlu (2003)

[3] Lewis (1986, p. 1236)

[4] Tancî (1962, p. 81)

[5] Tümer (1988-2016, p. 206)

[6] Boilot (1986, p. 1236)

[7] In the book Mathmeticians… the volume for this reference is given as 4. However, after checking volume 4 of the relevant source for the given pages, I could not identify related information about al-Bīrūnī. The volume 4 is La Scolastique, la théologie et la mystique, la musique, whereas volume 2 is Les géographes, les sciences, mathématiques et naturelles which fits al-Bīrūnī more. After checking that volume for the given pages, I found that it is about al-Bīrūnī.

[8] Kennedy (1973, xv)

[9] King (1986, p. 48)

References

Boilot, D. J. (1986). AL-BĪRŪNĪ. In H. A. R. Gibb (Ed.), The Encyclopaedia of Islam New Edition (Vol. 1). Leiden: Brill.

Kennedy, E. S. (1973). A Commentary upon Bīrūnī’s Kitāb Taḥdid al-Amākin: An 11th Century Treatise on Mathematical Geography. Beirut: American University of Beirut.

King, D. A. (1986). A Survey of the Scientific Manuscripts in the Egyptian National Library. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns.

Lewis, B. (1986). BĪRŪN. In H. A. R. Gibb (Ed.), The Encyclopaedia of Islam New Edition (Vol. 1). Leiden: Brill.

Rosenfeld, B. A., & Ihsanoğlu, E. (Eds.). (2003). Series of Studies and Sources on History of Science: Vol. 11. Mathematicians, Astronomers & Other Scholars of Islamic Civilisation. Istanbul: IRCICA.

Tancî, M. (1962). Taḥdîdü nihâyâti’l-emâkin li-taṣḥîḥi mesâfâti’l-mesâkin. Ankara.

Tümer, G. (1988-2016). BÎRÛNÎ. In Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi (Vol. 6). İstanbul: TDV İslâm Araştırmaları Merkezi.